Dramatic Irony - when the audience knows important information that one or more characters does not know

Situational Irony - the opposite of what one expects

Verbal Irony - when someone says the opposite of what is true

Tone - a speaker or writer's attitude toward a subject

Flashback - 

Foreshadowing - the use of clues about future events in a story

Setting - the time and place of a story

Point of View - the vantage point from which a story is told

Conflict - a struggle, which may be internal or external